Biology Test 289

It can be diagnosed with the Widal test.

Widal test is named after Georges-Fernand Widal (inventor). 

The test detects agglutinating antibodies against the O and H antigens of Salmonella Typhi Bacteria.

A fluid filled double membranous layer that surrounds the lungs is called pleura, and fluid is pleural fluid in between them. The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the thoracic lining whereas, the inner pleural membrane is in contact with the lung surface. These collectively reduce friction on lung's surface.

Histamine acts during inflammatory response. It is also an important neurotransmitter and involved in several physiological processes.

Heparin is an anticoagulant and prevents the blood from clotting.

Serotonin is also a compound secreted by basophils and has physiological functions like increasing vascular permeability, dilating capillaries etc.

When there is a fall in the glomerular filtration rate, it activates the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin. This stimulates the glomerular blood flow, thereby bringing the GFR back to normal. Renin brings the GFR back to normal by the activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

At the centre of each I band is an elastic fibre called Z-line to which thin filaments are firmly attached. The thick filaments in the A band are held together by an M line. The portion of the myofibril between two successive Z lines is considered functional and is called a sarcomere.

This section of the brain helps transfer messages to the spinal cord and the thalamus in the brain from the body and controls breathing, heart function, blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.

Sensory and motor neurons from the forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla.

The hypothalamus is a section of the brain responsible for hormone production. The hormones produced by this area of the brain govern body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian rhythm, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body.

Hormones are non nutrient chemicals, which act as intracellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts. Endocrine cells are present in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, e.g., gastrin, secretin, GIP. Atrial wall of our heart secretes a peptide hormone called ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor), RH/IH are produced by hypothalamus. Adenohypophysis is not directly under neural control, it is under the control of hypothalamic hormones, brought by portal system.

Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.

Solution: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, regulates the reabsorption of water in the distal parts of the kidney tubule. It acts on the kidneys to conserve water by reducing the volume of urine expelled from the body.

The partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air is about 104 mm Hg.

Because PO₂ in the systemic capillaries is greater than the partial pressure in the body cells, oxygen diffuses from the blood and into the cells. Leaving the systemic capillaries, PO₂ = 40 - 50 mmHg.

PaO₂ – Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level (160 mmHg in the atmosphere, 21% of standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg) in arterial blood is between 75 mmHg and 100 mmHg.

The partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is low, about 40 mm Hg, because oxygen is continuously used for cellular respiration. 

Hence, the correct answer is Option D.